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Anatomy Dissections Videos. Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin. Click to play: YouTube and similar sites have more doctors getting ready for their close-ups. YouTube as a Source of Health Misinformation. YouTube as a source of information on immunization: a content analysis. In situ hybridization ISH uses molecular probes for different fungi to contribute to identification.
Most probes are ribosomal to amplify the tissue signal. Depending on the colorimetric developer, fungi stain dark brown or red. Probes published in the literature include those for Candida , Aspergillus , Blastomyces , Cryptococcus , Histoplasma , Coccidioides , Pneumocystis , Sporothrix , Mucorales , Fusarium and Pseudallescheria. The PCR product can then be sequenced and sequences compared with the publically available databases.
The first key requirement of histopathological reporting is confidence that a fungal infection is or is not present in the tissue sample. However, negative reports are valuable, despite the less than perfect sensitivity, as some cultures and antigen tests are falsely positive. Diagnosing a fungal infection, as opposed to malignancy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis or auto-immune disorder to name some differential diagnoses has major implications for each patient.
Histopathologists should report both the fungal morphology and the tissue reaction, ie, what they see in the tissue. The histological reaction often determines the precise diagnosis, such as granulomatous fungal rhinosinusitis.
Histopathologists should describe whether the fungal morphology is yeast or hyphal or both as in dimorphic infection and the yeast or hyphal diameter. They should note the type of budding of the yeast — narrow or broad-based, or fission.
For hyphae, they should note whether the hyphal form is regularly septated or not, are the hyphae the usual width of Aspergillus hyphae um or wider, branching angle or have a dilated, bizarre shape, more consistent with Mucorales. Some fungi are highly distinctive and what is seen is sufficient to make a definitive aetiological fungal diagnosis see Table 1. Others are less so, in particular filamentous fungi.
The number of species involved is large, although Aspergillus fumigatus remains the most common mould infection worldwide. Candida spp. A few key distinctions are important for immediate treatment decisions, notably:. Skip to content Sometimes fungal hyphae or other structures, such as spherules, are directly visible, but scanty hyphae and small yeasts are easilSometimes fungal hyphae or other structures, such as spherules, are directly visible, but scanty hyphae and small yeasts are easily missed.
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